Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindak lanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.

Rumus passive voice:

S + auxiliary verb + past participle
contoh:

She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)

Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh :

·	Active	: He meets them everyday.
·	Passive	: They are met by him everyday.
·	Active	: She waters this plant every two days.
·	Passive	: This plant is watered by her every two days.

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

• I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
• The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.

Conditional Tense

Conditional atau disebut juga kalimat pengandaian menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain.Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

• Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.
• Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.
• Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional, digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar. 

  
1. Conditional Sentence Type I: true in the present time

Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan rencana (plan), nasehat (advice), atau suatu kemungkinan (possibility/probability)
Rumus Conditional
IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense
Contoh:
– If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.
– If you don’t have lunch, you’ll be hungry.
– If you go to school, you’ll have to prepare everything from now.
– If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new computer.
Real Condition : It will probably rain or not, so I will probably go shopping or not.
Penggunaan kata kerja:
– If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk present, baik simple present atau present continuous.
– Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary ‘will’ atau ‘can’ + Verb1.
2. Conditional Sentence Type II: untrue in the present time
Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan khayalan (imagination) atau angan-angan belaka.
Rumus Conditional 2
If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future
Contoh:
– If I were you, I would take the money.
– If I had a lot of money, I would lend you some
– If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake.
Real Condition : You don’t come home earlier, So I don’t make a cake for you.
Penggunaan kata kerja:
– If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past tense.
– Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary ‘would’ atau ‘could’ + Verb1.
3. Conditional Sentence Type III: untrue in the past time
Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan penyesalan (regret) tentang suatu hal, atau persoalan yang terlanjur terjadi di masa lalu.
Rumus Conditional 3
If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect
Contoh:
– If my mother had given me money, I could have bought a cellphone.
– If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
Real condition : you didn’t study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam
Penggunaan kata kerja:
– If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past perfect (had + Verb3)
– Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary ‘would have’ atau ‘could have’ + Verb3.

Perbaikan TOEFL

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.

Revise :  Because they had spent too much time considering the new contract, the student lost the  opportunity to lease the apartement.

3.These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.

Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when  we have to submit the proposal

                Jadi tidak pakai “do”karena kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek dari sebuah kalimat

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither.

Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t either.

               kata either atau neither artinya “juga”,yang digunakan dalam kalimat bermakna negatif

7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.

Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others one.

9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.

Revise : After George had returned to his house, he read a book.

10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one have been as widely eccepted as this one.

11.The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smells delicious.

12.After  Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

Revise : After  Jhon had eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13.The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

Revise : The manager finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14.Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work themselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

15.Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.

Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do anymore homework tonight, he would not  to attend the concert.

16.After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.

Revise : After taking the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

17.We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

18.It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?

Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19.Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so.

Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does too.

20.Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.

Revise : Rita enjoyed being able to meet several members of congress during her  vacation

21.After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.

Revise :  After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided to find another attorney.

22.Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

Revise :   Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

23.The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

Revise :   The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and I.

24.The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.

Revise :   The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them.

25.The president went fishing after  he has finished with the conferences.

Revise :   The president went fishing after  he had finished with the conferences.

26.Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

Revise :   Peter and Tom play tennis every afternoon with Mary and me

TOEFL

1. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.
Revise : Because they had spent many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement

2. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter. Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.
3. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

4. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.
Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the proposal

5. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t neither.
Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Mario hasn’t too.

6. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.
Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

7. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.
Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others one.

8. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
Revise : After George returned to his house, he was reading a book.

9. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.
Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

10. The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

11. After Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
Revise : After Jhon dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

12. The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.
Revise : The manager has finished on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

13. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.
Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work them, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

14. Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be ableto attend the concert. Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not to attend the concert.

15. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
Revise : After to take the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

16. We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.
Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

17. It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?
Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

18. Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so.
Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon too.

19. Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.
Revise : Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation

20. After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decidedfind another attorney. Revise : After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided found another attorney.

21. Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.
Revise : Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

22. The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.
Revise : The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

23. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.
Revise : The work performed by these officers are not worth our payingthem.

24. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences.
-Revise : The president went fishing after he had finished with the conferences. 25. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me. Revise : Peter and Tom playing tennis every afternoon with Mary and

Adverb, Adjective, Noun, Modals Verb, Gerund and Infinitive

1. ADVERB, ADJECTIVE, AND NOUN Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang menjelaskan atau memberikan keterangan kata lainnya. Contohnya “kata lainnya”? Contohnya adalah verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), dan adverb lainnya (kata keterangan lain). Adverb ini akan memodifikasi kata-kata tersebut. Otomatis akan memodifikasi makna dalam kalimat. Contoh: Hazardous (berbahaya), merupakan kata sifat. Jika ditambahkan kata keterangan, contoh: Extremely hazardous (sangat berbahaya) Dari contoh di atas, extremely menambah tingkat hazardous. Jadi bukan sekedar bahaya, tapi sangat berbahaya. Contoh dalam kalimat: There are hazardous area (terdapat daerah berbahaya) There are extremely hazardous area (terdapat daerah yang berbahaya sekali (sangat berbahaya)) Jadi, adverb dapat memberikan keterangan tentang kalimat atau kata lainnya. Karena itu, adverb dapat memiliki beragam fungsi, diantaranya: 1.Adverb of degree (kata keterangan tingkatan), contohnya: extremely (sangat) 2.Adverb of affirmation (kata keterangan penegasan), contohnya: absolutely (sangat) 3.Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu), contohnya: after (setelah) 4.Adverb of place (kata keterangan tempat), contohnya: everywhere (dimana-mana) 5.Adverb of negation (kata keterangan berlawanan), contohnya: never (tidak pernah) 6.Adverb of manner (kata keterangan sikap), contohnya: carefully (dengan hati-hati) 7.Adverb of cause/reason (kata keterangan sebab), contohnya: consequently: konsekuensinya) 8.Adverb of direction (kata keterangan arah), contohnya: here (di sini) 9.Adverb of doubt (kata keterangan keraguan), contohya: maybe (mungkin) Adjectiveatau kata sifat adalah sebuah kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut ini kesimpulan yang bisa diambil tentang adjective: 1.Digunakan Untuk menerangkan kata benda ( Noun ) 2.Adjective dapat menjadi salah satu kata atau kelompok kata 3.Adjective juga dapat digunakan dengan kata kerja tertentu ( seperti kata kerja “to be” ) dalam hal ini kata sifat digunakan untuk memperjelas subjek yang melakukan kegiatan ( action) . 4.Adjective ( kata sifat ) digunakan untuk menggambarkan warna ( color ), bahan ( material), bentuk ( shape ), ukuran ( size), jumlah (amount ), harga ( price ), kualitas ( quality ), asal-usul ( origin ), kepribadian ( personality ), berat ( weight ) dst. Agar lebih mudah mengenal kata sifat ( adjective ) dalam sebuah kalimat biasanya adjective berakhiran seperti di bawah ini : - ive,-ous,-y,-ful,-ent. Kata sifat diletakkan sebelum kata benda. contoh : khairani has black cat Noun (kata benda) adalah kata yang di gunakan untuk mendefinisikan orang, hewan, benda hidup atau mati, konkrit atau abstrak dan tempat. Noun terbagi menjadi dua yaitu Concrete Noun dan Abstract Noun •Yang pertama CONCRETE NOUNS, atau dalam bahasa indonesia disebut kata benda konkret, maksudnya adalah benda-benda yang dapat dilihat, dapat diraba. Contohnya: meja (table), kursi (chair), phone, computer, dan sebagainya. •Yang kedua adalah ABSTRACT NOUNS atau kata benda abstrak. Yaitu kata benda juga, namun tidak bisa diraba dan dilihat alias tak berwujud. Contohnya: freedom (kemerdekaan, kebebasan), happiness (kebahagiaan), education (pendidikan), competition (persaingan), action (tindakan), dan sebagainya. Tentu saja, bukan hanya dalam bahasa inggris ada kata benda abstrak tetapi juga dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita jarang mempelajarinya. Dengan pengetahuan ini, nanti kita akan bisa membuat suatu kalimat dengan subject abstract noun seperti: Action speaks louder than words. •Kita kembali pada CONCRETE NOUNS. Concrete Nouns dalam bahasa inggris ini masih dipecah-pecah lagi menjadi 4 bagian. Yaitu: Proper Nouns, Common Nouns, Material Nouns, dan Collective Nouns. Istilahnya semua masih dalam bahasa inggris. Akan saya terangkan satu per satu di bawah ini. •Poper Nouns adalah kata benda tentang nama tertentu, dan diawali dengan huruf besar, seperti nama orang, nama kota, nama negara, universitas, nama gedung, nama toko, nama perusahaan, dan sebagainya. Contohnya: Joko, Mufli, John Lennon, Tokyo, Grand Hyatt, White House. •Common Nouns, atau kata benda umum yaitu kata benda yang sangat umum, seperti: football (sepak bola), student (pelajar, murid), village (desa), dan sebagainya. •Material Nouns, atau kata benda material, yaitu tentang kata benda yang berasal dari sumber alam atau merupakan materi lainnya, seperti gold (emas), silver (perak), plant (tanaman), iron (besi), dan sebagainya. •Yang terakhir Collective Nouns atau kata benda kolektif. Tentu saja artinya kata benda yang mengandung arti kumpulan, koleksi atau yang mengandung arti majemuk. Contohnya: committee (komite, panitia), group (kelompok orang), class (kelompok murid atau siswa), audience (hadirin, penonton, majelis). 2.MODAL VERB Modal verbs atau modal auxiliaries adalah sebutan untuk kata kerja bantu selain be, do dan have. Tidak seperti auxiliary verbs, modal verbs hanya dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu saja dan tidak dapat berlaku sebagai principal verbs dalam suatu kalimat. Kata kerja utama (main verbs) yang mengikuti modal verbs harus selalu kata kerja dasar tanpa to (bare infinitive or infinitive without to). Modal verbs yang digunakan adalah can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, dan would. Selain itu, bentuk modal verbs tidak berubah dan tetap sama untuk semua jenis subjek. Contoh modal verbs dalam kalimat: - They can control their own budgets. - Can you help me? - We could try to fix it ourselves. - May I have another cup of coffee? - They might give us a 10% discount. - We must say good-bye now. - We ought to employ a professional writer. - Shall I help you with your luggage? - I think we should check everything again. - Profits will increase next year. - Would you mind waiting a moment? 3.GERUND AND TO INFINITIVE Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dan karenanya dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek dan pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat, juga di belakang sebuah preposisi (membingungkan ya, hehe…. nyerah). Bentuk gerund biasanya disebut verb+ing. Mungkin istilah itulah yang biasa kita kenal selama ini mengenai gerund. Singkatnya, GERUND adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) + ing. Examples : Swimming is a good sport (as subject) I like swimming (as object) My hobby is swimming (as complement) Nah, dari beberapa contoh di atas, kita bisa melihat contoh penggunaan gerund yang bisa bertindak sebagai subjek, objek, dan pelengkap. Dan bentuknya adalah noun atau kata benda. Beberapa kata, seperti adjektives (kata sifat), prepositions (kata depan) dan verbs (kata kerja) harus diikuti oleh bentuk -ING (gerund). Penggunaan Gerund setelah adjectives (with preposition) Adjektives + preposisi berikut harus diikuti dengan bentuk -ING : afraid of, angry about / at, bad at, busy, clever at, interested in, proud of, crazy about, disappointed about, excited about, famous for, fond of, sorry about, worried about. Examples: He’s afraid of going by plane. I am interested in visiting the museum. He is clever at skateboarding. The girl is crazy about playing tennis. I’m worried about making mistakes. Penggunaan Gerund setelah preposisi Preposisi-preposisi yang diikuti dengan gerund : about, of, from, about, after, apart from, before, by, in, instead of, on, without, because of. Examples: Before going to bed he turned off the lights. She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road. We arrived in Madrid after driving all night. He told the joke without laughing. Penggunaan Gerund setelah verbs (kata kerja) verbs berikut harus diikuti dengan gerund: admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, suggest, understand, miss, reject, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, resist, imagine, permit, practise. Examples: I enjoy cooking. He admitted having driven too fast. Ralph is considering buying a new house. I delayed telling Max the news. They miss playing with their friends. Selain itu, gerund juga harus mengikuti beberapa kata berikut: prefer, admit, delay, avoid, mind, like, enjoy, continue, fond, busy, etc. Examples: I prefer singing to dancing She was busy writing a letter Donny is fond dancing We are looking forward to going back to school ->INFINITIVE (kata kerja yang menngunakan TO) We use to Infinitive as: 1. Subject Contoh: - To drive fest need a lot of practice. 2. Modifier(sebagai penjelas) a.Penjelas kata benda, contoh: We need water to drink. b.Penjelas Kata Sifat, contoh: Anita was sad to hear that terrible news. c.Penjelas kata kerja, contoh: I was invited to come to party. 3. Kata kerja berikut ini diikuti to Infinitive: Advise, allow, ask, decide, expect, force, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, permit, promise, propose,Want, wish, would like, tell, teach. Contoh: - Anita decided to go abroad. - The teacher asked me to clean the whiteboard. –>INFINITIVE TIDAK LENGKAP (tanpa TO) 1. Setelah Modal (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must) 2. Setelah Kata Kerja Panca Indra: see, look at, observe, watch, notice, feel, listen, smell, hear. selain diikuti oleh infinitive tanpa to, kata kerja panca indra juga bisa diikuti V-ing. Contoh: - I saw someone croos the street. - My father smells something burn.

Tenses and Pronoun

1. Pengertian Tenses Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris yang berfungsi sebagai penunjuk waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) dalam terjadinya suatu perbuatan/kejadian. Karena berfungsi sebagai penunjuk waktu, kita menggunakan tenses sesuai dengan keadaan berlangsung. Apakah biasa dilakukan, sedang berlangsung atau selesai dikerjakan. Di dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kemarin, Saya mencuci baju. Saya sedang mencuci baju sekarang. Saya akan mencuci baju besok. Di dalam Bahasa Inggris : I washed clothes yesterday I am washing clothes now. I will wash the clothes tomorrow. Terlihat bukan perbedaannya? Bahasa Indonesia secara sederhana hanya menambahkan kata keterangan waktu (sekarang, kemarin, besok) ke dalam susunan kalimatnya. Tapi dalam bahasa inggris, tidak hanya menambahkan keterangan waktu tetapi juga berubah kata kerjanya. Bahasa inggris membagi penunjuk waktu menjadi 16 jenis, sehingga dikenal sebagai “16 TENSES”. Untuk mempermudah menghafal, dari ke 16 tenses, sebenarnya kita hanya harus membagi nya menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu Past, Present & Future (masa lalu, sekarang, akan datang) sesuai definisi. Macam – Macam Present Tenses : 1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang) a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana) Rumus : + } S + V1 + O/C - } S + Do/does + not + V1 + O/C ? } Do/does + S + V1 + O/C Example : + } Sisca Reads book everyday - } Sisca does not Read book everyday ? } does Sisca Read book everyday Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t) For I, We, You, They = do He, She, It = Does Contoh kalimat : (+) She is a new people here. (+) He plays football every morning (-) She isn’t a new people here. (-) He does not playing football every morning. (?) Is she a new people here? (?) How playing football every morning? b. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang) Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang. Rumus : + } S + Be + V1 + ing + O/C >> + } They are playing badmintoon now - } S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O/C >> – } They are not playing badmintoon now ? } Be + S + V1 + ing + O/C >> ? } Are they palaying badmintoon now ? Yes They are / no they are not For I = am They, we, you = are He, She, It = Is Contoh dalam kalimat : (+) He is playing badminton now (-) He isn’t playing badminton now. (?) Is he playing badminton now. c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb+main verb Contoh : (+) you have eaten mine. (-) she has not been to Rome (?) have you finished? d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : (+): S + have/has + been + Ving (-): S + have/has + not + been + Ving (?): Have/has + S + been + Ving Contoh : (+) She has been going to Malang since evening. (+) We have been riding a horse for three days (-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening. (-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days. (?) Has she been going to Malang ? (?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ? 2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau) a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana) Rumus : +} S+Be+Was/Were+O/C -} S+Be+Was/Were+not+O/C ?} Be+Was/Were+ S+O/C Example : +} We were at school yesterday -} We were not at school yesterday ?} were we at school yesterday ? For I, He, She, It = Was They, we, you = were Contoh : (+ ) I saw a good film last night ( +) He came here last month (-) I did not see a good film last night (-) He didn’t come last month (?) Did I see a good film last night (?) Did He come here last month b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau) Rumus : (+): S + was/were + Ving (-): S + was/were + NOT + Ving (?): Was/Were + S + Ving Contoh : (+) He was watching television all afternoon last week (+) They were talking about sport when I met him (-) He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week (-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him (?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week (?) Were they talking about sport when I met him c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb (+): S + had + V3 (-): S + had + not + V3 (?): Had + S + V3 Contoh : (+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle (+) The ship had left before I arrived (-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle (-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived (?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ? (?) Had the ship left before I arrived? d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) They had been living there for two month (+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton (-) They hadn’t been living there for two month (-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton (?) Had they been living there for two month? (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ? 3. Future Tense (Akan Datang) a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+main verb Contoh : (+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow. (+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock (?) Will he go to America next month? (+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow? b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will be writing a comic. (+) I will be studying tomorrow night. (-) I will not writing a comic. (-) I will not be studying tomorrow night. (?) Will I be writing a comic ? (?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ? c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb Contoh : (+) Iwill havefinishedby 10am. (+) Youwill haveforgottenme by then. (-) Shewillnothavegoneto school. (-) Wewillnothaveleft. (?) Willyou havearrived? (?) Willthey havereceivedit? d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will have been reading a news paper. (+) He will have been listening music. (-) I will haven’t been reading a news paper. (-) He will haven’t listening a music. (?) Will I have been riding a news paper ? (?) Will He have listening a music ? 4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau) a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + V1 Negatif: S + would + not + V1 Tanya: Would + S + V1 Contoh : (+) He would come if you invited him. (+) They would buy a home the previous day. (-) He wouldn’t come if invited him. (-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day. (?) Would He come if invited him ? (?) Would they buy a home the previous day ? b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + be + Ving Negatif: S + would + not + be + Ving Tanya: Would + S + be + Ving Contoh : (+) I should be swimming at this time the following day. (+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (-) I shouldn’t be swimming at this time the following day. (-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ? (?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ? c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + have + V3 Negatif: S + would + not + have + V3 Tanya: Would + S + have + V3 Contoh : (+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard. (+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week. (-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling (-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week (?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ? (?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ? d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + have + been + Ving Negatif: S + would + not + have + been + Ving Tanya: Would + S + have + been + Ving Contoh : Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years (+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year (-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years (?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years? (?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years? 2. Pengertian Pronoun Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak. Macam – Macam Pronoun : 1. Personal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti orang, baik orang pertama, orang kedua maupun orang ketiga. Personal Pronouns berfungsi sebagai: a. Nominative Subjective, yaitu menjadi subjek kalimat. I, we, you, they, he, she, it. •I study English •You are my new secretary. b. Objective, yaitu menjadi objek kalimat. Me, us, you, them, him, her, it. •She brings me a cup of coffee. •I make you a kite. 2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) •This, that, those, these. •This is your book. •Those are my pencils. Catatan: Keempat kata di atas juga dapat dijumpai dalam Demonstrative Adjectives. Perbedaan penggunaannya hanya pada penggunaan kata benda (nouns) setelah keempat kata di atas untuk Demonstrative Adjectives. •This book is yours (this = adjectives) •This is your book. (this = pronouns) •These are your pencils. (these = pronouns) 3. Possessive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers. •This house is mine. (mine = Possessive Pronouns). •This is my house. (my=Possessive Adjectives). 4. Relative Pronouns Yaitu kata yang menggantikan kata yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: a. Menggantikan subjek. •Who (orang) •Which, that (benda, binatang) b. Menggantikan Objek •whom (orang) •which, that (benda, binatang) c. Menggantikan kepunyaan •whose (orang) •of which (benda, binatang) Catatan: Semua kata-kata di atas (who, whom, whose, which, that, dan of which) dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya ‘Yang”. Contoh: •The man who cuts my hair is my uncle (Laki-laki yang memangkas rambut saya adalah paman saya). •I am waiting for the man whom you are talking about. •She borrows the novel of which cover is purple. •Pembahasan lebih lanjut mengenai topic ini akan dibahas pada topic Adjective Clause. 5. Interrogative Pronouns Yaitu kata Tanya yang digunakan untuk mengawali suatu pertanyaan. Kata yang dipakai adalah who, what, whom, dan which. •Who are you? •What is the color of your house? (what = Pronouns) •What color is your house? (what = Adjectives) •Which is your pen? (which = Pronouns) •Which pen is yours? (which = Adjectives) 6. Indefinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu) Kata-kata yang sering dipakai adalah: another, anybody, something, everyone, much, neither, one, none, dll. •All work is not dull, some is pleasant. •Most of the cars are new. •Nobody is at home. 7. Reflexive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti (Pronouns) itu sendiri. Perhatikan bentuk kata ganti jenis ini: I = myself You = yourself (kamu) You = yourselves (kalian) We = ourselves They = themselves He = himself She = herself It = itself Contoh: •I cut myself with a knife (saya kena pisau) •They love themselves. •I help myself this morning. 8. Intensive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang juga merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti itu sendiri. Namun, letaknya sesudah nouns/pronouns itu sendiri. Kata ganti jenis ini berfungsi untuk lebih menekankan / menegaskan maksud pembicaraan. Contoh: •Henry himself who told me so. (Henry sendirilah yang mengatakan begitu kepadaku) •Mary herself repaired the computer. (Mary sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang memperbaiki computer itu) •Jack himself gave me the book. Catatan: Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan kata gantu jenis ini. Perhatikan 3 contoh kalimat di bawah ini dan perhatikan perbedaannya. •Alex does the test himself. (= Alex mengerjakan test itu sendiri – tanpa bantuan orang lain) •Ted himself does the test. (=Ted sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang mengerjakan test itu) •Bob does the test by himself. (= Bob mengerjakan test itu sendirian – tidak ada orang lain bersama dia) 9. Reciprocal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbale balik antara 2 atau lebih. Frase yang digunakan adalah: •Each other = satu sama lain (2 orang) •One another = satu sama lain ( lebih dari 2 orang) Contoh: •Henry and Elizabeth loves each other. (Henry & Elizabeth saling mencintai/ Henry & Elizabeth mencintai satu sama lainnya) •All children love one another.

TENSES

Tenses used in English are 16 kinds, which is commonly called "16 tenses". Lets begin to learn !!! 1. PRESENT TENSES Formula: 1) Positif (+) = S+V1(es/s)+O 2) Negatif (-) = S+Do/does+Not+V1+O 3) Introgatif(?) =Do/does+S+V1+O *Example: 1. (+) He writes a letter every month (-) He doesn’t writes a letter every month (?) Dors he writes a letter every month? 2. (+) She teaches English every week (- ) She doesn’t teaches English every week (?) Does she teaches English every week? 3.(+) They studys matematic every day (- ) They don’t studys matematic every day (?) Do they studys matematic every day? 4.(+) She works in the office every Monday to Saturday (- ) She doesn’t works in the office every Monday to Saturday (?) Does she works in the office every Monday to Saturday? 5.(+) They go to Jakarta every years (- ) They don’t go to Jakarta every years (? ) Do they go to Jakarta every years? A .Fungstion Present tenses 1. Made to perform custom actions: Ex:(+) He is works every day (-) He is not works every day (?) Is he works every day? 2. Used to express a general truth: Ex:(+) A week has seven day (-) A week has not seven day (?) Has a week seven day? B. Time Signal 1. Usually Ex: I usually get up at 5 o’clock 2. Always Ex: I always drink milk C. Often Ex: I often goes to my grand mother house 4. Generally Ex: A rectangular has four corner 5. Seldom Ex: She seldom goes to school by car 2. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSES Formula : 1. Positif : S+V.ing+O 2. Negatif : S+do/does+not+V1+O 3. Introgatif : Do/does +S+V1+O *Example: 1. (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI (-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI (?) Am I teaching Englidh at the first grade of SMK 2 MEI? 2. (+) you are writing present continous now (-) you are not writing present continous now (?) are you writing present continous now? 3. (+) we are learning tenses now (-) we are not learning tenses now (?) are we learning tenses now? 4. (+) I am going to school now (-) I am not going to school now (?) Am I going to school now? 5. (+) Daus and Anis are running now (-) Daus and Anis are not running now (?) are Daus and Anis running now? A. Fungtion present continous tenses 1. Used to express the action is happening Ex: (+) I am going to Jakarta Now (-) I am not going to Jakarta now (?) Am I going to Jakarta now? 2. Used to declare an act of temporary Ex: (+) Chindy is writing now but he will explain soon (-) Chindy is not writing now but he will explain soon (?) Is Chindy writing now but he will explain soon? B.TIME SIGNAL 1. Today Ex : Iam today teaching English 2. Right now Ex : Rini is working right now 3. When Ex : Rina is coming hear when I go to park 4. Now Ex : Roy is going to Bandung now 5. Still Ex : He is still angry to me 3. PAST TENSES Formula: 1. Positif (+) : S+V2+O Negatif (-) : S+Did not+V2+O Introgatif (?): Did+S+V2+O *Example: 1. (+) Sarah invite me last week (-) Sarah did not invite last week (?) Did Sarah invite last week? 2. (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday (-) I went not to Jakarta yesterday (?) went I to Jakarta yesterday? 3. (+) You watch tv last week (-) You did not watch tv last week (?) Did you watch tv last week? 4. (+) I wrote letter to her last week (-) I wrote not letter her last week (?) Wrotw I letter her last week? 5. (+) It rain since at five o’clock (-) It did not rain since at five o’clock (?) Did it rain since at five o’clock? B. FUNGTION PASST TENSES Used to declare an event that began and ended the incident, in the past. And until now, has nothing to do anymore. A past incident, both done many times or once Ex: (+) I went yesterday (-) I did not went yesterday (?) Did I went yesterday? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Last Year Ex: I went to Yogjakarta last year 2. Yesterday Ex: Dini went to my home yesterday 3. Last Week Ex: I fineshed my worked lasr week 4. Ago Ex: She taught English three days ago 5. Last Saturday Ex: I went to here last Saturday PAST CONTINOUS TENSES Formula : 1. Positif (+): S+was/were+vVing+O 2. Negatif (-): S+was/were+not+v.ing+o 3. introgatif (?): was/were+S+v.ing+o *Example: 1. (+)The third year student were sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday (-) The third year student were not sitting behind the teacher’s now yesrterday (?) Were the third year student sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday? 2. (+) He was playing football yesterday (-) He was not playing football yesterday (?) was he playing football yesterday? 3. (+) They were working in the office yesterday (-) They were not working in the office yesterday (?) Were they working in the office yesterday? 4. (+) Tuti was reading a novel when I come yesterday (-) Tuti was not reading a novel when I come yesterday (?) was Tuti reading a novel when I come yesterday? 5. (+) They were studying Biologi at ten O’clock last Friday (-) They were not studying Biologi at ten o’clock last Friday (?) were they studying Biologi at temn o’clock last Friday? B. FUNGTION PASST CONTINOUS TENSES a. Used to declare the two events being berlangsungdalam same time in the past. Ex: (+) I was going to garden when it began to rain (-) I was not going to garden when it began to rain (?) Was I going to garden when it gegan to rain? b. Used to express an action in the past. Ex: (+) at three o’clock last week, She was reading (-) at three o’clock last week,She was not reading (?) at three o’clock last week,was she reading? c. Bentuk ini, juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang bersamaan waktu dan berlangsung lama pada masa yang lampau. Ex: (+) I was reading a book, while Ani writing a letter (-) I was not reading a book,while Ani writing a letter (?) Was I reading a book,while Ani writing a letter? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Last Week Ex: at seven o’clock last week 2. Yesterday Ex: all day yesterday SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+shall+/will+V1+O 2. Negatif(-): S+shall/will+not+V1+O 3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+V1+O *Example: 1. (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning (-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning (?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning? 2. (+) I shall study hard next mounth (-) I shall not study hard next mounth (?) Shall I study hard next mounth? 3. (+) I am go to Singkawang tomorrow (-) I am not go to Singkawang tomorrow (?) Am I ga to Sngkawang tomorrow? 4. (+) She will write this lesson next week (-) She will not write this lesson next week (?) will She write this lesson next week? 5. (+) I shall go to Medan tomorrow (-) I shall not go to Medan tomorrow (?) Shall I go to Medan tomorrow? B. FUNGSI SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES a. digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan. Ex: (+) I shall go to Surakarta tomorrow (-) I shall not go to Surakarta tomorrow (?) Shall I go to Surakarta tomorrow? b. Juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan syatu janji. Ex: (+) I shall give you book tomorrow (-) I shall not give you book tomorrow (?) Shall I give you book tomorrow? c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu janji,tapi dengan syarat: Ex: (+) Your mother will give you a new car if you past your exams (-) Your mother will not give you a new car if you past your exams (?) Will your mother give you a new car if you past your exams? d. Digunakan untuk menyantks\an meminta tolong kepada seseorang. Ex: (+) you will help me lift this table (-) You will not help me lift this table (?) Will you help me lift this table? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Tomorrow Ex: I shall work tomorrow 2. next week Ex: I shall teach next week 3. Next Mounth Ex: He will study in here next mounth PAST FUTURE TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+should/would+V1+O 2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+V1+O 3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+V1+O *Example: 1. (+) I should go to Mojosari next day (-) I should not go to Mojosari next day (?) Should I go to Mojosari next day? 2. (+) He would by a car the day before (-) He would not by a car the day before (?) Would He by a car the day before? 3. (+) He would come if you invited him (-) He would not come if you invited him (?) Would he come if you invited him? 4. (+) You would give me this pen last Saturday (-) You would not give me this pen last Saturday (?) Would you give me this pen last Saturday? 5. (+) She would have breakfast before at seven (-) She would not have breakfast before at seven (?) Would she have breakfast before at seven? B. FUNGSI PAST FUTURE TENSES Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau. Ex: (+) I should go to England last year (-) I should not go to England last year (?) Should I go to England last year? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Last year Ex: He would go to Semarang last year 2. Last week Ex: They would trip a Paris last week 3. Before Ex: I should by a car the day before 4. Next day Ex: She should go to Riau next day 5. Invited Ex: They would come if you invited him PRESENT PERFECT TENSES *Rumus: 1. Posituf (+) : S+have/has+V3+O 2. Negatif (-) : S+have/has+not+V3+O 3. Introgatif (?): Have/has+S+V3+O *Example: 1. (+) We have learned English for two years (-) We have not learned English for two years (?) Have we learned English for two years? 2. (+) She has taught English since 1988 (-) She has not taught English since 1988 (?) Has she taught English since 1988? 3. (+) He has been to Jakarta before (-) He has not been to Jakarta before (?) Has he been to Jakarta before? 4. (+) He has a written a letter for thirty minutes (-) He has not a written a letter for thirty minutes (?) Has he a written a letter for thirty minutes? 5. (+) I have just spoken to him (-) I have not just spoken to him (?) Have I just spoken to him? B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT TENSES a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian di masa yang lampau tanpa menyebutkan waktu yang khusus (tertentu). Ex: (+) I have gone to school (-) I have not gone to school (?) Have I gone to school? b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan di masa lampau dan kegiatan masih berlangsung sampai saat ini. Ex: (+) I have learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000 (-) I have not learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000 (?) Have I learned in the 2 Mei school since 2000? c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang baru saja telah terjadi. Ex: (+) I have just read my book (-) I have not just read my book (?) Have I just read my book? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Already Ex: have had breakfast already 2. Three Times Ex: I have been drink medicine three times a day 3. Finally Ex: finally, He has started to finally PAST PERFECT TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+had+V3+O 2. Negatif (-): S+had not+V3+o 3. Intrigattif (?):Had+S+V3+O *Example: 1. (+) The train had left before I arrived (-) The train had not left before I arrived (?) Had the train left before I arrived? 2. (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home (-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home (?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home? 3. (+) I had come home before I week three (-) I had not come home before I week three (?) Had I come home before I week three? 4. (+) I had written this lesson before he called me (-) I had not written a lesson before he called me (?) Had I written a lesson before he called me? 5. (+) When my brother arrived, I had painted my car (-) When my brother arrived, I had not painted my car (?) When my brother arrived, had I painted my car? B. FUNGSI PAST PERFECT TENSES a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang selesai sebelum kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau. Ex: (+) I had come home before I when three (-) I had not come home before I when three (?) Had I come home before I when three? b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu dimasa yang lampau. Ex: (+) By the end of the mounth, she had lived here (-) By the end of the mounth, she had not lived here (?) Had by the end of the mounth, she lived here? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. On Ex: On sunday morning, I painted my car 2. When Ex: When my brother arrived, I had painted my car 3. Before Ex: The train had left before I arrived 4. After Ex: She told me her name after I had asked her twice FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+be+Ving+O 2. Negatif (-): S+shall/will+not+be+Ving+O 3. Introgatif (?): Shall/will+S+be+ving+O *Example: 1. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four? 2. (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow (-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow (?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow? 3. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening? 4. (+) He will be working at this time tomorrow (-) He will not be working at this time tomorrow (?) Will he be working at this time tomorrow? 5. (+) She will going to be school together at seven o’clcok tomorrow (-) She will not going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow (?) Will she going to be school together at seven o’clock tomorrow? B.FUNGSI FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana, yang dilaksanakan mendatang. Ex: (+) I will be going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow (-) I will not going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow (?) Will I going to Pantai Prambanan tomorrow? b. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan akan dilakukan dengan waktu tertentu, pada masa mendatang. Ex: (+) I shall be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow (-) I shall not be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow (?) Shall I be writing a letter at seven o’clock tomorrow? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. At nine a o’clock tomorrow Ex: I shall be working at nine a o’clock tomorrow morning 2. At this time next year Ex: at this time next year, Peter will be traveling in Japan PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+have/has+been+Ving+O 2. Negatif (-): S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O 3. Itrogatif (?): Have/has+S+been+Ving+O *Example: 1. (+) I have been going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002 (-) I have not going to Painting Samudra for my holiday since 2002 (?) Have I going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002? 2. (+) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003 (-) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003 (?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003? 3. (+) She has been painting every day for a long time (-) She has not painting every day for a long time (?) Has she painting every day or along time? 4. (+) It has been raining since at six o’clock (-) It has not been raining since at six o’clock (?) Has it been raining since at six o’clock? 5. (+) The girl has been crying since he was a child (-) The girl has not been crying since he was a child (?) Has the girl been crying since has was a child? B. FUNGSI PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES a. Digunakan untuk mnyatakan suatu perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan pada masa yang lampau, dan perbuatan itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini. Ex: (+) I have been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990 (-) I have not been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990 (?) Have I been going to my grandmother home for my holiday since 1990? b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah terjadi dimasa lampau dan akan berlangsung sampiai sekarang. Ex: (+) I have been studying here since 2000 (-) I have not been studying here since 2000 (?) Have I been studying here since 2000? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. Since Ex: We have been waiting for you since ne o’clock 2. For Ex: She has been studying English for over five tears 3. This mounth Ex: I have been studying at his place this mounth PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+had+been+vVng+O 2. Negatif (-) :S+had+not+been+Ving+O 3. Introgatif (?): Had+s+been+ving+o *Example: 1. (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her (-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before heapplied her (?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her? 2. (+) I had been playing a football when they came (-) I had not been playing a football when they came (?) Had I been playing a football when they came? 3. (+) She had been cooking a vegetable when he came (-) She had not been cooking a vegetable when he came (?) had she been cooking a vegetable when he came? 4. (+) When I came, his father had been leaving for six hours (-) When I came, his father had not been leaving for six hours (?) When I came, had his father been leaving for six hours? 5. (+) I had been waiting for you since at seven o’clock (-) I had not been waiting for you since at seven o’clock (?) Had I been waiting for you since at seven o’clock? B. FUNGSI PASTPERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung lama sebelum kejadian yang lain di masa yang lampau juga. Ex: (+) I had been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet (-) I had not been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet (?) Had I been looking for the Ichigo for two week before we meet? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. When Ex: I finished my dinner, Peter had been FUTURE PERFECT TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+will/shall+have+V3+O 2. negatif (-) : S+will/shall+not+have+V3+O 3. Introgatif (?): Will/shall+S+have+V3+O *Example: 1. (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out (-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out (?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out? 2. (+) The game will finished by the time he get three (-) The game will not finished by the time he get three (?) Will the game finished by the time he get three? 3. (+) I shall have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow (-) I shall not have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow (?) Shall I have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow? 4. (+) We shall have played a basketball when he came (-) We shall not have played a basketball when he came (?) Shall we have played a basketball when he came? 5. (+) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will have left my house (-) When my uncle comes tomorrow, my grandmother will not have left my house (?) When my uncle comes tomorrow, will my grandmother have left my house? B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT TENSES a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbutan yang akan selesai, Sebelum waktu yang lain dimasa mendatang. Ex: (+) By next week he will have read this book (-) By next week he will not have read this book (?) Will by next week he have read trhis book? b. Juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa akn selesai sebelum perbuatan lain, dimasa yang akan datang. Ex: (+) When I comes, my uncle will have left my house (-) When I comes,my uncle will not have left my house (?) Will when I comes,my uncle have left my house? C.TIME SIGNAL 1. By the end of Ex: John will have done his work by the end of this week 2. By next Ex: By next week he will have read this book FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+shall/will+have+been+Ving+O 2. Negatif (-): S+shall+will+not+have+been+Ving+O 3. Introgatif (?):Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving+O *Example: 1. (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow (-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow (?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow? 2. (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six mounths (-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six mounths (?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six mounths? 3. (+) Next moon Hevy will have been studying here for two years (-) Next moon Hevy will not have been studying here for two years (?) Next moon will Hevy have been studying here for two years? 4. (+) Next week Bu Yusni will have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one years (-) Next week Bu Yusni will not have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year (?) Next week will Bu Yusni have been teaching at SMK 2 MEI school for one year? 5. (+) He will have been working in the office at this time tomorrow (-) He will not have been working in the office at this time tomorrow (?) Will he have been working in the office at this time tomorrow? B. FUNGSI FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah dikerakan pada masa yang lampau,dan masih berlangsung pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang. Ex: By the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for five year C. TIME SIGNAL 1. By the end of this year Ex: by the end of this year we shall have been studying Jerman for four year 2. By the end of this month Ex: By the end of this month, I shall have been working in this office for five years FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+should/would+be+Ving+O 2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+be+V.ing+O 3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+be+V.ing+O *Example: 1. (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week (-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week (?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week? 2. (+) We should be going to beach the following week (-) We should not be going to beach the following week (?) Should we be going to beach the following week? 3. (+) He would be flag ceremony at this time the following day (-) He would not be flag ceremony at this time the following day (?) Would he be flag ceremony at this time the following day? 4. (+) She would be finishing this job at this time following moon (-) She would not be finishing this job at this time following moon (?) Would she be finishing this job at this time following moon? 5. (+) They would be having examination at this time the following year (-) They would not be having examination at this time the following year (?) Would they be having examination at this time the following year? B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada masa yang lampau. Ex: I should be taking an examination at this time the following day C. TIME SIGNAL Last week Ex: At six o’clock last week, I should be buying in this supermarket FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+V2+O 2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+V2+O 3. Introgatif (?): Should/would+S+not+have+V2+O *Example: 1. (+) I should have paif if I had come here (-) I should not have paif if I had come here (?) Should I have paif if I had come here? 2. (+) He would have sucses if he had worked here (-) He would not have sucses if he had worked here (?) Would he have sucses if he had worked here? 3. (+) She would have graduated if she had studied hard (-) She would not have graduated if she had studied hard (?) Would she have graduated if she had studied hard? 4. (+) I hoped that you would have married before you worked here (-) I hoped not that you would have married before you worked here (?) Would I hoped that you have married before you worked here? 5. (+) I hoped that you would have paif before you come here (-) I hoped not that you would have paif before you come here (?) Would I hoped that you have paif before you come hare? B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena syarat yang tidak terpenuhi, namun hanya sebagai bayangan saja. Ex: (+) He would have graduated if he had studied hard (-) He would not have graduated if he had studied hard (?) Would he have graduated if he had studied hard? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. If he had studied hard Ex: They would have graduated if they had studied hard FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES *Rumus: 1. Positif (+): S+should/would+have+been+V.ing+O 2. Negatif (-): S+should/would+not+have+been+V.ing+O 3. Inttrogatif (?): Should/would+S+have+been+V.ing+O *Example: 1. (+) By last Febuary I should have been working this restaurant for one year (-) By last Febuary I should not have been working this restaurant for one year (?) should by last Febuary I have been working this restaurant for one year? 2. (+) By last July we should have been studying this school for three years (-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three year (?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years? 3. (+) By last fast day he would have been living this apartement for five years (-) By last fast day he would not have been living this apartement for five years (?) Would by last fast day he have been living this apartement for five years? 4. (+) She would have been teaching English for one years by last Friday (-) She would not have been teaching English for one years by last Friday (?) Would she have been teaching English for one years by last Friday? 5. (+) The magazine would have been red by Anis (-) The magazine would not have been red by Anis (?) Would the magazine have been red by Anis? B. FUNGSI FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau. Ex: (+) By last lebaran I should have been working in that office for five years (-) By last lebaran I should not have been working in that office for five years (?) Should by last lebaran I have been working in that office for five years? C. TIME SIGNAL 1. By the end of this week Ex: By the ed of this week, I should have come here 2. By the end of this mounth Ex: By the end of this mounth, He would have graduated studied