Tenses and Pronoun

1. Pengertian Tenses Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa inggris yang berfungsi sebagai penunjuk waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) dalam terjadinya suatu perbuatan/kejadian. Karena berfungsi sebagai penunjuk waktu, kita menggunakan tenses sesuai dengan keadaan berlangsung. Apakah biasa dilakukan, sedang berlangsung atau selesai dikerjakan. Di dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kemarin, Saya mencuci baju. Saya sedang mencuci baju sekarang. Saya akan mencuci baju besok. Di dalam Bahasa Inggris : I washed clothes yesterday I am washing clothes now. I will wash the clothes tomorrow. Terlihat bukan perbedaannya? Bahasa Indonesia secara sederhana hanya menambahkan kata keterangan waktu (sekarang, kemarin, besok) ke dalam susunan kalimatnya. Tapi dalam bahasa inggris, tidak hanya menambahkan keterangan waktu tetapi juga berubah kata kerjanya. Bahasa inggris membagi penunjuk waktu menjadi 16 jenis, sehingga dikenal sebagai “16 TENSES”. Untuk mempermudah menghafal, dari ke 16 tenses, sebenarnya kita hanya harus membagi nya menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu Past, Present & Future (masa lalu, sekarang, akan datang) sesuai definisi. Macam – Macam Present Tenses : 1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang) a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana) Rumus : + } S + V1 + O/C - } S + Do/does + not + V1 + O/C ? } Do/does + S + V1 + O/C Example : + } Sisca Reads book everyday - } Sisca does not Read book everyday ? } does Sisca Read book everyday Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t) For I, We, You, They = do He, She, It = Does Contoh kalimat : (+) She is a new people here. (+) He plays football every morning (-) She isn’t a new people here. (-) He does not playing football every morning. (?) Is she a new people here? (?) How playing football every morning? b. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang) Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang. Rumus : + } S + Be + V1 + ing + O/C >> + } They are playing badmintoon now - } S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O/C >> – } They are not playing badmintoon now ? } Be + S + V1 + ing + O/C >> ? } Are they palaying badmintoon now ? Yes They are / no they are not For I = am They, we, you = are He, She, It = Is Contoh dalam kalimat : (+) He is playing badminton now (-) He isn’t playing badminton now. (?) Is he playing badminton now. c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb+main verb Contoh : (+) you have eaten mine. (-) she has not been to Rome (?) have you finished? d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang) Rumus : (+): S + have/has + been + Ving (-): S + have/has + not + been + Ving (?): Have/has + S + been + Ving Contoh : (+) She has been going to Malang since evening. (+) We have been riding a horse for three days (-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening. (-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days. (?) Has she been going to Malang ? (?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ? 2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau) a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana) Rumus : +} S+Be+Was/Were+O/C -} S+Be+Was/Were+not+O/C ?} Be+Was/Were+ S+O/C Example : +} We were at school yesterday -} We were not at school yesterday ?} were we at school yesterday ? For I, He, She, It = Was They, we, you = were Contoh : (+ ) I saw a good film last night ( +) He came here last month (-) I did not see a good film last night (-) He didn’t come last month (?) Did I see a good film last night (?) Did He come here last month b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau) Rumus : (+): S + was/were + Ving (-): S + was/were + NOT + Ving (?): Was/Were + S + Ving Contoh : (+) He was watching television all afternoon last week (+) They were talking about sport when I met him (-) He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week (-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him (?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week (?) Were they talking about sport when I met him c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb (+): S + had + V3 (-): S + had + not + V3 (?): Had + S + V3 Contoh : (+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle (+) The ship had left before I arrived (-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle (-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived (?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ? (?) Had the ship left before I arrived? d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) They had been living there for two month (+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton (-) They hadn’t been living there for two month (-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton (?) Had they been living there for two month? (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ? 3. Future Tense (Akan Datang) a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+main verb Contoh : (+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow. (+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock (?) Will he go to America next month? (+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow. (?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow? b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will be writing a comic. (+) I will be studying tomorrow night. (-) I will not writing a comic. (-) I will not be studying tomorrow night. (?) Will I be writing a comic ? (?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ? c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb Contoh : (+) Iwill havefinishedby 10am. (+) Youwill haveforgottenme by then. (-) Shewillnothavegoneto school. (-) Wewillnothaveleft. (?) Willyou havearrived? (?) Willthey havereceivedit? d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang) Rumus : subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb Contoh : (+) I will have been reading a news paper. (+) He will have been listening music. (-) I will haven’t been reading a news paper. (-) He will haven’t listening a music. (?) Will I have been riding a news paper ? (?) Will He have listening a music ? 4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau) a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + V1 Negatif: S + would + not + V1 Tanya: Would + S + V1 Contoh : (+) He would come if you invited him. (+) They would buy a home the previous day. (-) He wouldn’t come if invited him. (-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day. (?) Would He come if invited him ? (?) Would they buy a home the previous day ? b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + be + Ving Negatif: S + would + not + be + Ving Tanya: Would + S + be + Ving Contoh : (+) I should be swimming at this time the following day. (+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (-) I shouldn’t be swimming at this time the following day. (-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow. (?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ? (?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ? c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + have + V3 Negatif: S + would + not + have + V3 Tanya: Would + S + have + V3 Contoh : (+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard. (+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week. (-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling (-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week (?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ? (?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ? d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau) Rumus : Positif: S + would + have + been + Ving Negatif: S + would + not + have + been + Ving Tanya: Would + S + have + been + Ving Contoh : Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years (+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years (-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year (-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years (?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years? (?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years? 2. Pengertian Pronoun Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak. Macam – Macam Pronoun : 1. Personal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti orang, baik orang pertama, orang kedua maupun orang ketiga. Personal Pronouns berfungsi sebagai: a. Nominative Subjective, yaitu menjadi subjek kalimat. I, we, you, they, he, she, it. •I study English •You are my new secretary. b. Objective, yaitu menjadi objek kalimat. Me, us, you, them, him, her, it. •She brings me a cup of coffee. •I make you a kite. 2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) •This, that, those, these. •This is your book. •Those are my pencils. Catatan: Keempat kata di atas juga dapat dijumpai dalam Demonstrative Adjectives. Perbedaan penggunaannya hanya pada penggunaan kata benda (nouns) setelah keempat kata di atas untuk Demonstrative Adjectives. •This book is yours (this = adjectives) •This is your book. (this = pronouns) •These are your pencils. (these = pronouns) 3. Possessive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Mine, yours, theirs, ours, his, hers. •This house is mine. (mine = Possessive Pronouns). •This is my house. (my=Possessive Adjectives). 4. Relative Pronouns Yaitu kata yang menggantikan kata yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: a. Menggantikan subjek. •Who (orang) •Which, that (benda, binatang) b. Menggantikan Objek •whom (orang) •which, that (benda, binatang) c. Menggantikan kepunyaan •whose (orang) •of which (benda, binatang) Catatan: Semua kata-kata di atas (who, whom, whose, which, that, dan of which) dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya ‘Yang”. Contoh: •The man who cuts my hair is my uncle (Laki-laki yang memangkas rambut saya adalah paman saya). •I am waiting for the man whom you are talking about. •She borrows the novel of which cover is purple. •Pembahasan lebih lanjut mengenai topic ini akan dibahas pada topic Adjective Clause. 5. Interrogative Pronouns Yaitu kata Tanya yang digunakan untuk mengawali suatu pertanyaan. Kata yang dipakai adalah who, what, whom, dan which. •Who are you? •What is the color of your house? (what = Pronouns) •What color is your house? (what = Adjectives) •Which is your pen? (which = Pronouns) •Which pen is yours? (which = Adjectives) 6. Indefinite Pronouns (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu) Kata-kata yang sering dipakai adalah: another, anybody, something, everyone, much, neither, one, none, dll. •All work is not dull, some is pleasant. •Most of the cars are new. •Nobody is at home. 7. Reflexive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti (Pronouns) itu sendiri. Perhatikan bentuk kata ganti jenis ini: I = myself You = yourself (kamu) You = yourselves (kalian) We = ourselves They = themselves He = himself She = herself It = itself Contoh: •I cut myself with a knife (saya kena pisau) •They love themselves. •I help myself this morning. 8. Intensive Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang juga merupakan pantulan dari kata ganti itu sendiri. Namun, letaknya sesudah nouns/pronouns itu sendiri. Kata ganti jenis ini berfungsi untuk lebih menekankan / menegaskan maksud pembicaraan. Contoh: •Henry himself who told me so. (Henry sendirilah yang mengatakan begitu kepadaku) •Mary herself repaired the computer. (Mary sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang memperbaiki computer itu) •Jack himself gave me the book. Catatan: Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan kata gantu jenis ini. Perhatikan 3 contoh kalimat di bawah ini dan perhatikan perbedaannya. •Alex does the test himself. (= Alex mengerjakan test itu sendiri – tanpa bantuan orang lain) •Ted himself does the test. (=Ted sendirilah – bukan orang lain – yang mengerjakan test itu) •Bob does the test by himself. (= Bob mengerjakan test itu sendirian – tidak ada orang lain bersama dia) 9. Reciprocal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti yang menyatakan hubungan timbale balik antara 2 atau lebih. Frase yang digunakan adalah: •Each other = satu sama lain (2 orang) •One another = satu sama lain ( lebih dari 2 orang) Contoh: •Henry and Elizabeth loves each other. (Henry & Elizabeth saling mencintai/ Henry & Elizabeth mencintai satu sama lainnya) •All children love one another.